What are the two major acute coronary syndromes?

The term acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to any group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia and includes unstable angina (UA), non—ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

WHAT IS A ACS?

Acute coronary syndrome is a term for a group of conditions that suddenly stop or severely reduce blood from flowing to the heart muscle. When blood cannot flow to the heart muscle, the heart muscle can become damaged. Heart attack and unstable angina are both acute coronary syndromes (ACS).

What is the most common cause of ACS?

These include:
  • Smoking.
  • High blood pressure.
  • High blood cholesterol.
  • Diabetes.
  • Physical inactivity.
  • Being overweight or obese.
  • A family history of chest pain, heart disease or stroke.

What is the difference between acute coronary syndrome and MI?

Acute coronary syndromes result from a sudden blockage in a coronary artery. This blockage causes unstable angina or a heart attack (myocardial infarction), depending on the location and amount of blockage. A heart attack is death of heart tissue due to lack of blood supply.

What is the difference between ACS and angina?

Definition. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is term that encompasses unstable angina, non-ST elevation MI (new term for non-Q wave MI, often referred to as non-STEMI), and ST elevation MI (new term for Q wave MI, often referred to as STEMI).

What is ACS treatment?

Thrombolytics (clot busters) help dissolve a blood clot that’s blocking an artery. Nitroglycerin improves blood flow by temporarily widening blood vessels. Antiplatelet drugs help prevent blood clots from forming and include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), prasugrel (Effient) and others.

What is the pathophysiology of ACS?

The underlying pathophysiology in ACS is decreased blood flow to part of heart musculature which is usually secondary to plaque rupture and formation of thrombus. Sometimes ACS can be secondary to vasospasm with or without underlying atherosclerosis.

What is the initial drug therapy for ACS?

Morphine (or fentanyl) for pain control, oxygen, sublingual or intravenous (IV) nitroglycerin, soluble aspirin 162-325 mg, and clopidogrel with a 300- to 600-mg loading dose are given as initial treatment.

Is Stable angina acute coronary syndrome?

It may manifest insidiously as angina pectoris or as an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Stable angina is a chest discomfort due to myocardial ischemia that is predictably reproducible at a certain level of exertion or emotional stress.

What is STEMI and Nstemi?

STEMI results from complete and prolonged occlusion of an epicardial coronary blood vessel and is defined based on ECG criteria..NSTEMI usually results from severe coronary artery narrowing, transient occlusion, or microembolization of thrombus and/or atheromatous material.

What is the most common pathophysiologic precipitating event for ACS?

Acute coronary syndromes are responsible for more than half a million hospital admissions each year in the United States alone. Plaque rupture is the precipitating pathophysiologic event.

What is acute coronary syndrome pathophysiology?

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) refers to any condition attributed to obstruction of the coronary arteries which reduces blood flow to the heart, and includes unstable angina and myocardial infarction (MI).

What are the types of NSTEMI?

Types 1 and 2 MI are spontaneous events, while type 4 and type 5 are procedure-related; type 3 MI is identified only after death. Most type 1 and type 2 MI present as non-ST-elevation MI (NSTEMI), although both types can also present as ST-elevation MI.

What is the troponin level for NSTEMI?

Our study showed that a cutoff value of >300 ng/L for troponin I could predict NSTEMI with type 1 MI in patients with sepsis. The ROC curve had an AUC of 0.705 with a sensitivity of 68.4% and specificity of 70.2%. Factors such as age or creatinine level were not associated with troponin levels.

Is troponin elevated in NSTEMI?

However, an elevated troponin along with other appropriate clinical and laboratory evidence raises the probability that the diagnosis is NSTEMI. The higher the troponin value, the greater the probability that the final diagnosis will be MI.

What are the 4 types of myocardial infarction?

A heart attack is also known as a myocardial infarction.
…
The three types of heart attacks are:
  • ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
  • non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
  • coronary spasm, or unstable angina.

What is a type 2 non-STEMI?

Type 2 NSTEMI is defined as myocardial ischemia resulting from mismatched myocardial oxygen supply and demand that is not related to unstable coronary artery disease (CAD).

Which is more common STEMI or NSTEMI?

NSTEMI stands for non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, which is a type of heart attack. Compared to the more common type of heart attack known as STEMI, an NSTEMI is typically less damaging to your heart.

What is a Type 3 myocardial infarction?

The type 3 myocardial infarction was defined according to the Universal definition of myocardial infarction, that is, cardiac death with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischemia and presumed new ischemic ECG changes or new left bundle branch block, but death occurring before blood samples could be obtained, before …

What are 4 signs of myocardial infarction?

What are the symptoms of heart attack?
  • Chest pain or discomfort. …
  • Feeling weak, light-headed, or faint. …
  • Pain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, or back.
  • Pain or discomfort in one or both arms or shoulders.
  • Shortness of breath.