What are the stages of aortic valve regurgitation?

Stage A: At Risk of AR. Stage B: Asymptomatic with progressive AR (mild to moderate) Stage C: Asymptomatic with severe AR. Stage D: Symptomatic with severe AR.

How do you measure severity of aortic regurgitation?

A valuable and simple parameter for grading AR is measurement of the narrowest width of the proximal regurgitant jet (vena contracta) by Colour Doppler3 (fig 1​). A jet width < 0.3 cm is highly specific for mild AR whereas a width > 0.6 cm is highly specific for severe AR.

What is the difference between mild and moderate aortic regurgitation?

If the aortic regurgitation is mild, the murmur may be quite high-pitched and may fade out during diastole. If the aortic regurgitation is moderate to severe and chronic, the murmur, although still blowing, is of lower frequency and louder, and usually lasts throughout diastole.

How is aortic regurgitation defined?

Aortic valve regurgitation — or aortic regurgitation — is a condition that occurs when your heart’s aortic valve doesn’t close tightly. As a result, some of the blood pumped out of your heart’s main pumping chamber (left ventricle) leaks backward.

How much aortic regurgitation is normal?

Typically between 30-60cc of blood leaks backwards per heart beat. The heart may enlarge a little but not a concerning amount. This should be followed over time to ensure severe disease doesn’t develop.

How quickly does aortic regurgitation progress?

Probably depending on etiology, progression to stage C/D aortic regurgitation only occurs at a rate between 2% and 5% per year. It seems to be faster in patients with aortic root dilatation or bicuspid aortic valves than in those with degenerative or rheumatic disease.

How do you calculate aortic regurgitant fraction?

In patients with aortic regurgitation, the regurgitant fraction (RF) = (Aortic flow-Mitral flow)/Aortic flow = 1-Mitral flow/Aortic flow. Substituting 0.77 for the area component of flow, RF = 1-(1/0.77).

How do you calculate the aortic regurgitant volume?

Aortic regurgitant volume and %RF were calculated using the following equations: aortic regurgitant volume = [aortic outflow volume] − [mitral inflow volume]; %RF = [aortic regurgitant volume]/[aortic outflow volume] × 100.

How do you measure pressure half time aortic regurgitation?

Abstract: PHT of aortic regurgitation jet is measured from the apical five chamber view using continuous wave Doppler echocardiography. Pressure half time decreases as the severity of aortic regurgitation increases.

What is a normal AV mean gradient?

Aortic Valve Mean Gradient. Normal Area 4.0-6.0 cm2. Mild Stenosis 1.5-2.5 cm2. Moderate Stenosis 1.5-1.5 cm2. Severe Stenosis < 1.0 cm2.

What is a normal aortic valve area?

INTRODUCTION. In adults with normal aortic valves, the valve area is approximately 3.0 to 4.0 cm2. As aortic stenosis (AS) develops, minimal pressure gradient is present until the orifice area becomes less than half of normal.

What is regurgitant volume?

The regurgitant volume refers to the volume of blood flowing backwards or in the reverse direction through the valvular plane within a beat or cardiac cycle.

How is echo flow rate calculated?

Flow rate (Q) was calculated using 2 different methods: a classical method using the formula Q classic = 1000 × LVOT VTI × CSA LVOT TE , where Qclassic is in mL/sec, LVOTVTI is in cm, CSALVOT is in cm2and ET is the ejection time in ms measured in the continuous wave Doppler of the aortic valve velocity spectrum.

What is the normal velocity of aortic valve?

Forward flow velocity measurement

Peak velocity of forward flow is about 1.0 m/s in normal aortic valve, 2.5–2.9 m/s in mild stenosis, 3.0–4.0 m/s in moderate stenosis and more than 4.0 m/s in severe stenosis.

What is the normal aortic root diameter?

The normal range of aortic root diameters in this group was 17 to 33 mm (mean 23.7). A significant difference (P is smaller than 0.001) in aortic root diameters existed between men and women which could not be explained by differences in body surface area.