What is the function of uncinate process?

(Uncinate means hooked from Latin uncinatus, from uncinus, barb, from uncus, hook.) They are found in birds (except for screamers), reptiles, and the early amphibian Ichthyostega. These processes can serve to attach scapula muscles, and help to strengthen the rib cage overlapping with the rib behind them.

What is cervical hypertrophy?

Uncovertebral Hypertrophy: These are joints located in your cervical spine adjacent to each vertebrae. Hypertrophy in these joints may be indicative of bone spurs (known as disc osteophytes or a disc osteophyte complex) and can cause similar issues with neck and arm pain.

What are uncinate processes of cervical vertebrae?

The uncinate process of the cervical spine is a hook-shaped process found bilaterally on the superolateral margin of the cervical vertebral bodies of C3-C7. The uncinate processes are more anteriorly positioned in the upper cervical spine and more posteriorly location in the lower cervical spine.

Where is uncinate process located?

The uncinate processes refer to a hook-shaped process, or bony protuberance, located on the lateral or posterolateral margins of the superior endplates of the cervical vertebral bodies, most commonly found at the levels of C3-C7.

What is degenerative hypertrophy?

Facet Hypertrophy is the term used to describe a degeneration and enlargement of the facet joints. The facet joints, which are a pair of small joints at each level along the back of the spine, are designed to provide support, stability, and flexibility to the spine.

Is ligamentum flavum hypertrophy serious?

Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the condition and location of hypertrophy or thickening. The initial hypertrophy stages are relatively asymptomatic (cause no pain), but its progress can rapidly become severe and even disabling.

What is the Uncinate margin?

In the posterior-inferior aspect of the uncinate process, the pancreatic tissue is dissected from the retroperitoneal soft tissues, just right lateral along the superior mesenteric artery. This constitutes the uncinate (retroperitoneal) margin (see below).

Is uncinate process a bone?

The uncinate process is one of the three downward vertical projections of the ethmoid bone (the other two are the perpendicular plate and the middle turbinate) and articulates inferiorly with the ethmoid process of the inferior turbinate (Figure IB).

What is uncinate process cyst?

These cysts are usually found in the head and neck of the pancreas or uncinate process of the pancreas (part of the head of the pancreas). IPMNs have a high potential for progressing from benign growths to invasive cancer.

What is R1 and R2 resection?

R1 resection indicates the removal of all macroscopic disease, but microscopic margins are positive for tumor. R2 indicates gross residual disease with gross residual tumor that was not resected (primary tumor, regional nodes, and macroscopic margin involvement).

What is the life expectancy after a Whipple procedure?

Overall, the five-year survival rate after a Whipple procedure is about 20 to 25%. Even if the procedure successfully removes the visible tumor, it’s possible that some cancer cells have already spread elsewhere in the body, where they can form new tumors and eventually cause death.

What is removed in Whipple procedure?

During this procedure, surgeons remove the head of the pancreas, most of the duodenum (a part of the small intestine), a portion of the bile duct, the gallbladder and associated lymph nodes. In some cases, the surgeon may remove the body of the pancreas, the entire duodenum and a portion of the stomach.

What is distal surgical margin?

The distal resection margin (DRM) is defined as the distance of the lowest intramural or mesorectal cancer spread and the distal dissection line of the specimen. Therefore, DRM is of major importance for the decision if sphincter preserving low rectal cancer surgery is feasible [3].

What is a D2 resection?

Definition of D2 lymphadenectomy is additional removal of a second tier of lymph nodes in the extraperigastric areas, which generally fall along branches of the celiac axis including the left gastric, splenic, common hepatic, and proper hepatic arteries.

What is parenchymal margin?

Patients with a positive parenchymal surgical margin on final pathology, defined as the presence of cancer cells at the parenchymal inked margin of resection, were identified. Patient demographics, intraoperative findings, pathological data and clinical outcomes were analyzed.

What is proximal margin?

All proximal margins were re-evaluated by two experienced pathologists, and a positive proximal margin was defined as the microscopic presence of invasive tumor cells seen at the esophageal transaction margin submitted en face on final paraffin sections.

What is circumferential resection margin?

Circumferential resection margin (CRM) is the closest distance between the radial resection margin and the tumor tissue by either direct tumor spread, areas of neural or vascular invasion, or the nearest involved lymph node.

What is a low anterior resection of colon?

Low anterior resection (LAR) LAR is a surgery that’s done to treat rectal cancer. During LAR surgery, the part of your rectum with the cancer will be removed. The remaining part of your rectum will be reconnected to your colon. You’ll be able to have bowel movements (poop) as usual once you recover from your surgery.