What is the most common type of brain herniation?

Subfalcine herniation is the most common form of intracranial herniation and occurs when brain tissue is displaced under the falx cerebri. The cingulate gyrus is herniated under the falx, and if progression occurs, other areas of the frontal lobe are involved.

What is uncal herniation?

Uncal herniation occurs when rising intracranial pressure causes portions of the brain to flow from one intracranial compartment to another; this is a life-threatening neurological emergency and indicates the failure of all adaptive mechanisms for intracranial compliance.[1]

Where is the uncal herniation?

temporal lobe
Uncal herniation is the most common cerebral herniation syndrome. The uncus is located in the inferior, medial aspect of the temporal lobe. This structure, and the adjacent parahippocampal gyrus, can herniate through the tentorial notch.

What is a central herniation?

Central herniation is the subtype of downward transtentorial herniation of the brain that involves descent of the diencephalon and midbrain. It usually occurs with other types of downward herniation such as uncal herniation.

What causes Cushing triad?

This is most commonly caused by a head injury, bleeding in the brain (i.e. hematoma or hemorrhage), tumor, infection, stroke, excess cerebrospinal fluid, or swelling of the brain. Increased ICP activates the Cushing reflex, a nervous system response resulting in Cushing’s triad.

What is Subfalcine herniation?

Subfalcine hernia, also known as midline shift or cingulate hernia, is the most common type of cerebral hernia. It is generally caused by unilateral frontal, parietal, or temporal lobe disease that creates a mass effect with medial direction, pushing the ipsilateral cingulate gyrus down and under the falx cerebri.

Which brain herniation is the most life threatening?

Central herniation

Downward herniation can stretch branches of the basilar artery (pontine arteries), causing them to tear and bleed, known as a Duret hemorrhage. The result is usually fatal.

Can you recover from brain herniation?

When herniation occurs, it further lowers the chance of recovery. The outlook varies, depending on where in the brain the herniation occurs. Without treatment, death is likely. There can be damage to parts of the brain that control breathing and blood flow.

What are the types of brain herniation?

Brain herniation is classified as follows:
  • Subfalcine herniation.
  • Transalar (transsphenoidal) herniation.
  • Transtentorial uncal herniation.
  • Central (trans-tentorial) herniation (descending and ascending)
  • Cerebellar tonsillar herniation.
  • Transcalvarial herniation.

What causes a brain herniation?

A brain herniation, sometimes described as a cerebral herniation, occurs when brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shift from their normal position inside the skull. The condition is usually caused by swelling from a head injury, stroke, bleeding, or brain tumor.

What is the medical term for herniation of the brain?

Cerebral herniation: The abnormal protrusion of brain tissue through an opening when there is increased intracranial pressure (when the brain is under increased pressure).

Can ICP cause herniation?

Brain herniation results from increased intracranial pressure (ICP), which may be caused by space-occupying lesions, generalized swelling or edema of the brain, increased venous pressure, or obstruction of cerebrospinal flow (CSF) flow.

What is cerebellar herniation?

A cerebral herniation or brain herniation is a serious medical condition that happens when brain tissues move from one part of the brain to another adjacent part of the brain. It is usually caused when another condition causes swelling or pressure inside the brain.

What are the four stages of increased intracranial pressure?

Intracranial hypertension is classified in four forms based on the etiopathogenesis: parenchymatous intracranial hypertension with an intrinsic cerebral cause, vascular intracranial hypertension, which has its etiology in disorders of the cerebral blood circulation, meningeal intracranial hypertension and idiopathic …

How is brain herniation diagnosed?

Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is done to diagnose brain herniation. Doctors treat causes if possible and take measures to support breathing (such as mechanical ventilation) and to reduce the increased pressure within the skull.

What is normal ICP level?

ICP is normally ≤15 mmHg in adults, and pathologic intracranial hypertension (ICH) is present at pressures ≥20 mmHg. ICP is normally lower in children than adults, and may be subatmospheric in newborns [2].