What are the different types of flocculants?

The aluminum-based flocculants include aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, sodium aluminate, aluminum chlorohydrate, and polyaluminum chloride. The iron-based flocculants include ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and ferric chloride sulfate [15, 69].

What are the flocculating agents?

Flocculating agents are chemical additives that cause suspended solids to form aggregates called flocs. These agents are used in water treatment, municipal and industrial waste treatment, mineral processing, and papermaking. Flocculating agents are either inorganic salts or water-soluble organic polymers.

How many types of flocculation are there?

two types
There are two types of flocculation : natural flocculation and chemical flocculation.

What is flocculation with example?

Flocculation is the collection of cells into aggregates by the addition of multivalent cations, metal salts or polymers (for example, polyaluminum chloride).

What are flocculants used for?

Flocculation and coagulation treatment chemicals are used in effluent wastewater water treatment processes for solids removal, water clarification, lime softening, sludge thickening, and solids dewatering.

What is the principle of flocculation?

Flocculation refers to the process used to bring the coagulated particles together so that they can combine to form larger, settleable, and filterable masses of particles called floc. Zeta potential is defined and its role in coagulation described.

Where is flocculation used?

Flocculation leading to sedimentation is both used in the purification of drinking water, as well as for sewage, storm water, and industrial wastewater treatment. This is why flocculants are largely known for being water treatment plant chemicals.

Why is flocculation important?

As with coagulation, the purpose of flocculation is not to directly reduce turbidity or suspended solids, but to prepare the solids for subsequent removal. Flocculation reduces the number of suspended solids particles as smaller particles combine to form larger ones.

What causes flocculation?

Flocculation is a two-step particle aggregation process in which a large number of small particles form a small number large flocs. Small particles usually carry negative surface charges that hinder aggregation and settling (1a). Coagulant chemicals can adsorb to the particles and balance the charges.

Which of the following is used as a flocculating agent in suspension?

Electrolytes are probably the most widely used flocculating agents. They act by reducing the electrical forces of repulsion between particles, thereby allowing the particles to form the loose flocs so characteristic of a flocculated suspension.

Is Surfactant a flocculating agent?

Surfactants. Both ionic and nonionic surfactants according to can be used as flocculating agents. Ionic surfactants cause flocculation by neutralizing the charge on particles. Because of long structure, nonionic surfactants are adsorbed onto more than one particle, thereby, forming a loose flocculated structure.

Is sodium chloride a flocculating agent?

Addition of sodium chloride as flocculating agent decreased viscosity and invariably increased flow rate. Percentage reduction in viscosities of the products upon NaCl addition was most pronounced in products formulated with CMC while the ones formulated with HPMC were most resistant to it (Table 2).

What are suspending agents?

Definition of suspending agent

: a substance (such as carrageenan, xanthan gum, or cellulose ether) that is added to fluids to promote particle suspension or dispersion and reduce sedimentation All these drinks can contain preservatives, and drinks other than juices can contain additives to colour, flavour and sweeten.

Is polymers a flocculating agent?

Both natural and synthetic polymers are used as flocculants.

What is anionic flocculant?

Generally speaking, anionic flocculants are used to catch mineral particles while cationic flocculants can capture organic particles.

What is the pH of flocculant?

The bioflocculant works in a wide pH range, from 4.0 to 8.0 with significantly different performances (P < 0.05), respectively. It best performs at pH 5.0 and pH 6.0 with flocculating performance of above 90%. A much lower or higher pH would inhibit flocculation.

What is a flocculant polymer?

Flocculants are long chain water soluble polymers used to separate non-settling fine solids (=particles) from aqueous suspensions. They are used in mineral processing, industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, oil sands tailings dewatering, paper making, and biotechnology.

What is polymer flocculant made of?

Polymer flocculants are water-soluble high molecular weight polymers and consist of various nonionic, anionic, cationic, or amphoteric polymers.